I have recently received a lot of questions about whether guardians are legally obligated to follow the wishes of the child’s parents.  The answer, in short, is no; however, this does not mean that the guardian can do things that will put the child at risk.
 
The law provides that when the court appoints a non-parent as a guardian, of a child, the authority of the parent ceases.  The guardian becomes responsible for the care, and custody of the child.  But, this power is not limitless.  The guardian is subject to the regulation and control of the court in its role.  The court has continuing jurisdiction over the care of the child.
 
Some interesting questions have popped up over issues such as the duties of a guardian regarding a child’s healthcare.  In the age of the “debate” over the “danger” of vaccinations, a guardian’s failure to provide care can be at issue.  A guardian has the same right as a parent to give consent to medical treatment performed on the child.  Generally, parental consent is required for medical services performed upon a minor. But, if the court determines that a guardian is not allowing life-saving treatment then a court is likely going to sever that guardianship, appoint a new guardian and allow the treatment. These issues, of course, are complex and the outcome of each case will vary.  It is evident though that once the court appoints a guardian, the guardian is not required to follow the pre-mortem wishes of the child’s parents.  So, the moral of the story is, choose your guardian nominations carefully.    

Please register on the REGISTRATION PAGE.

​One of the main goals of drafting up an estate plan is to avoid formal probate proceedings.  A formal probate proceeding can take months to years, and cost a lot of money.  It will also require heirs and/or beneficiaries to file the trust with the court, making the trust public record. Proper planning with the right estate planning vehicles can prevent the headache of a drawn-out formal probate procedure.
 
The goal of estate planning should be to minimize the “probate-able” assets in your estate.  In this way, heirs and/or beneficiaries won’t have to go through the probate process. 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Probate assets will require a court order to be transferred.  Probate assets, include (and advanced apologies for sounding like a lawyer here) everything but non-probate assets.  Essentially, probate assets are assets that do not come with any instructions – either from the decedent or through operation of community property laws.
 
Non-probate assets are assets that can be transferred to heirs and loved ones without a court order.   These are assets with instructions.  The instructions are from the decedent, or by law such as where one spouse passes away, leaving a living spouse.
 
These assets include:

• Joint tenancy property, which, by law, will transfer to the other joint tenancy property owner(s);
• Life insurance with a named beneficiary, which by operation of the instructions of the decedent will pass to the named beneficiary;
• Pension plan distributions, with a named beneficiary, which by operation of the instructions of the decedent will pass to the named beneficiary;
• Property owned by living trusts, which by operation of the instructions of the decedent will pass to the named beneficiary;
• Money in a bank account that has a named beneficiary or payable-on-death designation, which by operation of the instructions of the decedent, will pass to the named beneficiary;
• Individual retirement plans or other retirement plans that have a named beneficiary, which by operation of the instructions of the decedent will pass to the named beneficiary;
• Real estate that transferred with a transfer-on-death deed beneficiary which by operation of the instructions of the decedent will pass to the named beneficiary;
• Transfer-on-death automobile deed; which by operation of the instructions of the decedent will pass to the named beneficiary.

 
If all assets have instructions and those instructions can be followed, the assets can be transferred without a court order.  But if there is a bump along the road regarding the instructions, a probate court order will be required. 
 
For example, let’s say that the decedent designated her husband as the sole beneficiary of her life insurance policy, but the decedent’s husband passed away.  The life insurance company will not transfer the funds without a court order.
 
A court order can either be a formal process, or a simple one.   If the gross value of probate assets is valued at less than $150,000, then a formal probate is not required. For example, using the same example as above if the life insurance policy is valued at less than $150,000, the decedent’s heirs can use a simplified procedure to request a court order, compelling the life insurance is properly distributed.
 
There is real benefit to drafting up an estate plan to avoid the probate process.  Let me know if I can assist you in any aspect of your estate planning. I am happy to schedule a complimentary 15-minute consultation with you.
 
 
 

For a long time, avoiding the federal estate tax was a big concern; however, given that the threshold for the federal estate tax is currently very high, the likelihood of most of us ever being liable for federal estate tax is quite low.  This, of course, does not mean that estate planning isn’t beneficial.  Estate planning is still a great way to avoid probate, and to have your affairs in order and organized.
 
What is the current tax rate?
In 2019, the current federal estate tax is 40%.  This is quite high; however, so is the exemption.  The current exemption is $11,400,000.  Thus, is a person passes in the year 2019, s/he receives a tax “coupon” of $11,400,000. 
 
This amount is subject to annual change.  The Tax Act, which sets forth the gift and estate tax rate, and exemption, is subject to sunset January 1, 2026.  As of 2026, the exemption reverting back to $5,000,000 unless further action is taken by Congress.  There is much debate about whether Congress will take any other action.  Time will tell.
 
What is the gross estate?
The gross estate includes all real and personal property in which the decedent had an interest.  It also includes things such as annuities, the value of the decedent’s share of a joint estate, and life insurance proceeds (even though payable directly to the beneficiaries).   
 
What is the adjusted gross estate?
After the value of the estate’s gross estate is determined, its value is adjusted for deductions such as funeral expenses, and expenses incurred in the administration of the estate. 
 
The federal exemption or “coupon” of $11,400,000 is then applied.  So, for most of us, our taxable gross estate will be 0. 
 
Despite this, estate planning is an important tool for a lot of other reasons such as avoiding probate, ensuring your assets go where you would like them to, and ease the burden for loved ones.
 
Let me know if I can assist you in any aspect of your estate planning. I am happy to schedule a complimentary 15 minute consultation with you. 
 

What are digital assets?

The term sounds really quite sophisticated.  But, digital assets are commonplace.  A digital asset in an electronic asset that is associated with the right to use, usually in the form of a username and password.  
Given their medium, digital assets are slightly different than most assets.  They are highly regulated by state and federal law.  Without proper planning, those regulations can cause problems when it comes time to administer an estate.

How common are digital assets? Very! Common examples include:

• Social media: Facebook, Twitter
• Digital photos, images and videos (such as the photos stored on your iCloud account)
• Email: Gmail and Yahoo
• Bank accounts and other financial accounts
• Airline miles


Less common but still run-of-the mill for many of us who have our own businesses, include certain income-generating digital assets: 

• Monetized YouTube channel, blog
• Social media influencer accounts
• Income generating blogs
• Intellectual property (patents, copyrights, trademarks)
• Domain name and websites
• Client lists

Often loved ones left in the wake of a death need to take pragmatic steps such as paying bills, or even accessing emails to invite friends to their relative’s funeral.  Problems arise when loved ones lack  login credentials or consent to access these accounts.

Having a digital asset plan in place can really assist loved ones in taking these steps.  It’s a best practice to include a list of digital assets, along with username and password information.  For a list of CNET’s best password managers, click here. 

Digital asset custodians are absolute sticklers when it comes to protecting these accounts because of the many federal and state laws at play.  Federal law prohibits service providers from releasing the content of digital assets without the account holder’s prior consent.  A person who has passed away is obviously unable to give that consent anymore. So, without proof of that consent, a loved one may have to request a court order to gain access.  

For example, should a relative pass away you may want to simply shut down their email accounts or iCloud accounts.  Hackers prey on inactive accounts.  So, it’s a best practice to place an account into inactive status, or the equivalent. 

Or, perhaps you simply want to access family photos that are stored on the iCloud.  The language included in an estate plan in which a deceased person has granted express consent to a particular person may be all that is needed for a loved one to access the deceased person’s email or iCloud account.  

With some estate planning, digital assets can be accessed by loved ones.  It’s one more piece to the estate planning puzzle that is not discussed often enough, and impacts all of us.

How To Protect Your Digital Assets

There are some simple steps that certain providers offer their users.   Certain providers such as Facebook and Google offer legacy plans which allow specific individuals, designated by you, the ability to manage and /or memorialize the account of a deceased person.  

As great as the option is; however, even the legacy planning provides some limitations.  After the death of a loved one, you may be able to memorialize an account, but the provider may not allow you access the content of those accounts. And, of course, these plans are only offered by a limited number of providers.  

To read more about Facebook’s legacy planner, click here: 

To read more about Google’s legacy planner, click here: 

​Please contact me for a complimentary consultation to discuss your options with regard to this aspect of estate planning.

An estate plan is unfortunately not evergreen.  It is meant to last many seasons but its value may decrease over time. You should consider reviewing your estate plan about every 5 to 10 years, or upon a life event such as the below:

• A change in marital status – you’ve gotten married, separated or divorced
• You want to add or delete beneficiaries
• You want to add or delete personal representatives such as trustees or executors
• You add a child to your family (Click HERE for more information on this topic)
• You freeze genetic assets (Click HERE for more information on this topic)
• You acquire a new asset such as a home
• A change in the tax law
• A change in your relationship with a personal representative
• A change in the mental or physical health of a loved one
• You have inherited property
• You are or will soon become a grandparent
• You become a business owner or acquire a business partner

 
When the time comes to update the trust, there are two ways of making the updates.  You can either amend the trust, or amend and restate the trust.  In general, truly simple updates such as changing a successor trustee would only require an amendment.  Amending a trust is a rather simple process.
 
On the contrary, when it comes to significant changes such as changing a beneficiary or making a lot of small changes, it is a best practice to amend and restate the trust. When you restate a trust, the name and date of the trust stay the same, but you will get an entirely new trust that is updated to both your wishes, and the current the law.  
 
For instance, many older trusts, created before the age of the internet, social media, cell phones, and cloud accounts, do not contain any provisions which would empower the trustee to access these digital assets.  Without this power, your loved ones may need a court order to access your digital assets such as iPhone photos, or even airline miles.  Also, prior to the change in tax laws, many trusts were structured as AB trusts to save families from incurring estate tax.  With the federal estate tax exemption so high at this point, these AB trust structures may not be worth the added work that administering that type of trust requires.
 
An added bonus to restating the trust is that nobody ever sees the old trust.  So, if you make any change to your trust such as deleting a beneficiary, or decreasing a beneficiary’s share, which could result in hurt feelings, that beneficiary never has to know about that change.

Drop a line to discuss how I may help you with updating your estate plan.

Unfortunately, there are instances when people are simply unable to make decisions for themselves as a result of incapacity.  This incapacity could be because of old age or a medical condition. 
 
Advance Health Care Directive (also sometimes referred to as a “living will”) – This document allows you to designate a loved one to act on your behalf with regard to medical decisions.  This document may also contain information regarding your end-of-life care.
 
You do not need an attorney to create an advance health care directive.  There are many forms available.  My preferred form is published by The Regents of the University of California, and can be found here: https://prepareforyourcare.org/advance-directive-state/ca.
 
There are a couple of other documents that are related to advanced health care directives such as a do-not-resuscitate form (“DNR”) and a Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (“POLST”).  A DNR informs medical providers that a patient does not wish to receive CPR if there is a medical emergency.  A POLST, is an order which specifies specific medical wishes as to: 1) CPR; 2) use of a ventilator; or 3) artificial nutrition.  In general, these documents are not typically recommended for young, healthy people.
 
Durable Power Of Attorney For Property Management/Finances – Similarly to the above, this document allows you to designate a loved one to act on your behalf with regard to management of your finances and property. 
 
This document is useful even when a person is temporarily incapacitated such as in the event of a hospital stay.  As your agent, your loved one will be empowered to write checks on your behalf, and manage your assets for you.  Typically, your agent will be empowered to do things such as: filing and paying your taxes, transferring property into a trust, managing your investments, and filing legal actions on your behalf. 
 
​You can set forth your wishes as to when this power will take effect – either upon signing or upon an event springing the document into effect like incapacity.  You can speak to your attorney about what is best for you.
 
Drop a line if you are interested in learning more about how I can assist you with this aspect of estate planning.

Your beneficiary designations are critical to a good estate plan.  But, they are often overlooked!  Combined with the right estate plan, these two factors can really organize your financial affairs.

Also, the good news is that you don’t even need an attorney to designate your beneficiaries or payable on death (“POD”) designations.  All you need to do is contact your financial institutions so that your account will simply pass to your designated beneficiary or POD designation.

So, for instance let’s say you have been married for a while.  But, maybe you haven’t had a chance to update the beneficiary on your life insurance.  So, it still names your sister and brother as beneficiaries.  Let’s also say you recently had a baby.  And, maybe that life insurance beneficiary is still set to your brother and sister.  
​
If you pass, your spouse and young child will not receive those benefits.  They will pass directly to your sister and brother.  Well, that’s probably not what you planned.  That's probably not even what your sister or brother would want either. 

Let’s say that instead, you list your beneficiaries like this:

• First beneficiary: Your spouse
• Second (successor or contingent) beneficiary: Your child
• Third (successor or contingent) beneficiary: Your trust

This way, your life insurance proceeds will pass directly to your spouse.  If s/he isn’t around, then it will go directly to your child.  The last case scenario, passing those benefits to your trust, would apply if neither of those options are available.  

Your trust is available to guide your loved ones as to your wishes. In this example, without this plan and a trust, your loved ones will not have any guidance, and may have to seek court guidance. 

​Court guidance = attorneys, attorney’s fees, paperwork and waiting.  We want to avoid that.  A trust will help you to avoid that. 

This is just one example of how the right beneficiary designations and estate plan can work together to keep as much coin in the family bucket, so to speak. 

Interested in seeing how an estate plan can help you or your family? Please contact me for a complimentary consultation to discuss your options.  

Looking for a way to entertain your littles in NE Los Angeles?  Here are some of my favorite spots.

Descanso Gardens – Gorgeous and relaxing setting.  You can spend a few hours here.  Lots of great spots to change diapers. 
Huntington Gardens  - Similar to Descanso but enormous.  You can spend most of the day there.  
The Rose Bowl – Great for long, semi-flat walks or runs.  
The Getty Center – This is on the Westside so it’s a bit of a drive for us Eastsiders.  But, they have a great kids’ area.
Target – This should just be called The Parent Mecca.  They open as early as 7 am during the week and frequently have in-store Starbucks.  Hello rainy day or early morning activity!
Panera – You have to eat!  This place is just kid-friendly.  Lots of space.  You can kick back for a bit.  Easy, inexpensive meals. 
The LA Zoo –  'Nuff said. Kids and animals just go together.  
Montrose – A nice long stretch of local businesses and restaurants (plus, Starbucks, Coffee Bean and Trader Joe’s). Also, one of my all time favorite local businesses is located here - www.bellies.biz/Bellies, Babies & Bosoms. Need a quick diaper change? They have a fantastic and very clean! changing area in the back for your little one. The staff is so super friendly. My little one and I drop by sometimes just to say hello. 
Natural History Museum (Los Angeles County) - Dinosaurs, and bugs, all in one place. I especially like the museum's focus on nature here in LA. There is an exhibit dedicated just to LA's wildlife. What a great place to spend an afternoon.
Have any ideas not on this list? Let me know!